Bahasa Inggris Softskill

1.      Degrees of Comparison

The Degrees of Comparison in English grammar are made with the Adjective and Adverb words to show how big or small, high or low, more or less, many or few, etc., of the qualities, numbers and positions of the nouns (persons, things and places) in comparison to the others mentioned in the other part of a sentence or expression.

An Adjective is a word which qualifies (shows how big, small, great, many, few, etc.) a noun or a pronoun is in a sentence. An adjective can be attributive (comes before a noun) or predicative (comes in the predicate part):

e.g.  He is a tall man. (‘tall’ —  adjective – attributive)

This man is tall.  (‘tall’ —  adjective – predicative)

An Adverb is a word which adds to the meaning of the main verb (how it is done, when it is done, etc.) of a sentence or expression.

It normally ends with ‘ly’, but there are some adverbs that are without ‘ly’:

e.g.  She ate her lunch quickly.   He speaks clearly.  They type fast.

Kinds of comparison:

1.       POSITIVE DEGREE:

e.g. Tom is tall a boy.

In this sentence the word ‘tall’ is an adjective telling us how Tom is.  There is no other person or thing in this sentence used to compare Tom with, but it is the general way of saying about persons, animals and things that they have some quality (here ‘tallness’) above average in general sense. The adjective word ‘tall’ is said to be  in the “positive form”.

This comparison is called “positive degree” comparison. There are two more comparisons with the ‘positive form’ of the adjective words. They are:

1.       Degree of Equality: This comparison is used to compare two persons, animals or things to tell us that they are equal – having the same quality.

e.g. There are  two cats with the same height and weight, and look the same except for the colour.

Therefore we say:

e.g. The brown cat is as beautiful as the grey cat.  (= Both the cats are the same.)

The word “beautiful” is an adjective in the ‘positive form’, and with the conjunction as…as  it expresses the ‘degree of equality’.

2.        Degree of Inequality: This comparison is used to compare two persons, animals or things to tell us that they are not equal – not having the same quality.

e.g. The brown cat is not so beautiful as the black & white cat.         (= They are not the same.)

The word “beautiful” is an adjective in the ‘positive form’, and with the conjunction so…as (and the negative ‘not’) it expresses the ‘degree of inequality’

Example of Positive Degree :

1.       The task is not as difficult as you imagine.

2.       He drives as carefully as my father in the residential area.

3.       Tom is tall a boy

4.       It is a tall building.

5.       Apple is sweet to taste.

2. COMPARATIVE DEGREE:

e.g. Tom is a tall boy. Tom is taller than his sister.                                               

In the second sentence the word ‘taller’ is an adjective used to compare the ‘tallness’ of these two persons – Tom and his sister – and to tell us that Tom has more of the quality of ‘tallness’.

Therefore, an adjective word which shows the difference of quality between twotwo groups of persons, animals or things is said to be in the ‘comparative form’. persons, animals or things, or. This comparison is called “Comparative Degree”.

There are two more degrees of comparison with the ‘comparative form’ of an adjective. They are:

1.         Parallel Degree: This comparison is used to show that the qualities of two items (adjectives or adverbs) talked about in the given sentence go parallel, i.e. if one quality (adjective or adverb) increases, the other quality (adjective or adverb) increases, and if one quality decreases, the other quality also decreases.

e.g. The bigger the box, the heavier it is.

2.       Progressive Degree: This comparison is used to show that the quality of a thing (adjective or adverb) talked about in the given sentence increases as the time passes, for example:

MON      TUE         WED       THU        FRI          SAT         SUN

25°    →   27° →      30° →    33°  →   35°   →   38°   →    40°

It’s getting hotter and hotter day by day.  [as the time passes the temperature increases] OR The days are getting hotter and hotter.

Example of Comparative Degree:

1.       Tom is a tall boy. Tom is taller than his sister

2.       Your heart is colder than ice.

3.       I ran faster than you did.

4.       This building is taller than any other building.

5.       Apple is sweeter than pear.

3. SUPERLATIVE DEGREE:

e.g.  A musk ox is a large animal. An elephant is larger than a musk ox. The blue whale is the largest of all animals. The blue whale is the largest of all animals in the world.

In this sentence the word (the) ‘largest’ is an adjective used to compare the “largeness” of the blue whale and to tell us that the blue whale has the most quality of ‘largeness’.

This comparison is used to compare one person, animal or thing with more than two persons, animals or things (the rest of the group of more than two), and to say that the particular one has the highest degree of that  particular quality (here the comparison is between the blue whale and the rest of the animals, more than two). The adjective ‘large’ is said to be in the ‘superlative form’. This comparison is called “Superlative Degree”.

Example of Superlative Degree:

1.       The blue whale is the largest of all animals in the world.

2.       Your heart is the coldest of all.

3.       I run the fastest in my class.

4.       This is the tallest building.

5.       Apple is the sweetest fruit.

2.     Question Words

There are a number of words in the English language that are used primarily to make questions; these words are ‘question words’, sometimes known as ‘WH question words’, owing to the fact that all of them start with the letter ‘w’, except one which starts with ‘h’.

1.       What

‘What’ is used when asking for information about something, as in example:

1.        What did you do last evening?

2.       What would you like for dinner?

3.        What did you say when you were caught?

4.       What is your age and name?

2.       When

‘When’ is used when asking for time, as in example:

1.        When do you arrive?

2.        When is the show?

3.       When did that happen?

4.       When did you leave the office yesterday?

3.       Where

‘Where’ is used when asking for place, as in example:

1.       Where do we go now?

2.        Where have you kept the book?

3.        Where do you go for your tuitions?

4.       Where do they live?

4.       Who

‘Who’ is used when asking for identity of person or persons (subject), as in example:

1.       Who is that?

2.       Who wrote Moby Dick?

3.       Who called earlier?

4.       Who opened the door?

5.       Whom

‘Whom’ is used when asking what or which person or people (object), as in example:

Whom did you see?

6.       Whose

‘Whose’ is used when asking about possession, as in example:

1.       Whose car is this?

2.       Whose place are you staying at?

3.       Whose are these shoes?

4.       Whose are these bag?

7.       Which

‘Which’ is used to ask about choice, as in example:

1.       Which flavour of ice cream would you like?

2.       Which route do you think we should take?

3.       Which of the two is better?

4.       Which colour do you want?

8.       Why

‘Why’ is used when asking for reasons, as in example:

1.       Why would you say something like that?

2.       Why does the food smell bad?

3.       Why did you not go for work today?

4.       Why do you say that?

9.        How

‘How’ is used when asking about manner or quality or condition, as in example:

1.       How did you do that?

2.       How was the movie?

3.       How is life?

4.       How does this work?

3.      5W+1H in English Newspaper

Forest Fires Could Not Fully contained Sindoro
Metrotvnews.com, Temanggung: Protected forest area on the slopes of Mount Sindoro, Temanggung regency, Central Java, on Sunday yesterday, burning. Until Monday (24/9) this fire is still raging.
Perum Perhutani officers and local residents are working to extinguish the fire since Sunday evening to burn the protected forest area on the slopes of Mount Sindoro it. According to Junaidi June, Assistant Section Perhutani Unit Stakeholder Forest (BKPH) Temanggung, at least 23 personnel of the four resort Forest Management (RPH) downgraded to extinguish the fire.
Fire engulfed the protected forest plots 10 and 11 slopes Sindoro. In addition to joint personnel from the abattoir sandwiched between, Kemloko, Jumprit, and Kwadungan, there are Police Car of Unity Stakeholder Forest (KPH) North Kedu community Giripurno and Katekan in District Ngadirejo.
"From 07.00 am had gone up to the scene of the fire," he said.
Protected forest fire that burned plots 10 and 11 RPH Kwadungan starting to look at around 18:30 pm. Hotspots are from plots 10 and then spread to the swath 11.
By June, the new officers can begin to extinguish the fire on Monday morning due to rough terrain.
"We can not know the extent of the fire," he said.
June suspect the fire was a continuation of last week's fires.
"There might stump, especially in the area of ​​the gorge is still smoldering and then blown off and cause a fire again," said June. (Ant / DSY)

Ø Principles of news (5w + 1h)
1. (what)
What happened?
= Wildfires Sindoro hard at extinguish.
2. (where)
Where the events occur?
= Temanggung regency, Central Java
3. (when)
When did the incident occur?
= Monday (24/9)
4. (WHO)
Anyone who is involved in such events?
= Citizens Temanggung regency, Central Java. As well Junaidi, Assistant Section Perhutani Unit Stakeholder Forest (BKPH) Temanggung.
5. (why)
Why did these events occur?
= Suspected the fire was a continuation of last week's fires. and the possibility exists stump, especially in the area of ​​the gorge is still smoldering and then blown off and cause a fire again.
6. (how)
How did these events occur?
= The fire that burns the protected forest plots 10 and 11 RPH Kwadungan starting to look at around 18:30 pm. Hotspots are from plots 10 and then spread to the swath 11.

Reference :

http://www.englishleap.com/other-resources/questions-words

http://www.easypacelearning.com/all-lessons/learning-english-level-1/3-wh-question-words-english-grammar-how-to-use-them

https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/wh-question-words.htm

http://www.weblearn.in/degrees_of_comparison/

http://www.weblearneng.com/the-degrees-of-comparison

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-contoh-kalimat-degrees-comparison

http://khoiruroji.blogspot.co.id/2014/06/contoh-kumpulan-berita-5w1h.html

Bahasa Inggris 2

1.       Active Sentence

In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.

[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]

Examples:

1.       Once a week, Tom cleans the house.

2.       Right now, Sarah is writing the letter.

3.       Sam repaired the car.

4.       The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store.

5.       Many tourists have visited that castle.

2.       Passive Sentence

In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.

[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]

Examples:

1.       Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.

2.       Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.

3.       The car was repaired by Sam.

4.       The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.

5.       That castle has been visited by many tourists.

B.      RELATIVE CLAUSES / ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

An adjective clause is used to describe a noun. A relative pronoun is usually used to introduce an adjective clause. An adjective clause—also called an adjectival or relative clause will meet three requirements:

1.       First, it will contain a subject and verb.

2.       Next, it will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or a relative adverb [when, where, or why].

3.       Finally, it will function as an adjective, answering the questions What kind? How many? or Which one?

The adjective clause will follow one of these two patterns:

1.       Relative Pronoun or Adverb + Subject + Verb

2.       Relative Pronoun as Subject + Verb

Here are some examples:

1.       Whose big, brown eyes pleaded for another cookie ( Relative clauses )

Whose = relative pronoun; eyes = subject; pleaded = verb.

2.       Why Fred cannot stand sitting across from his sister Melanie ( Relative clauses )

Why = relative adverb; Fred = subject; can stand = verb [not, an adverb, is not officially part of the verb].

3.       That bounced across the kitchen floor ( Relative clauses )

That = relative pronoun functioning as subject; bounced = verb.

4.       Who hiccupped for seven hours afterward ( Relative clauses )

Who = relative pronoun functioning as subject; hiccupped = verb.

C.      CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many conditional forms in English are used in sentences that include verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal past" because we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to something that happened in the past. There are five main ways of constructing conditional sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of an if clause and a main clause. In many negative conditional sentences, there is an equivalent sentence construction using "unless" instead of "if".

Type of Conditional Sentences :

1.       THE ZERO CONDITIONAL

The zero conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or always and the situation is real and possible. The zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the word "if" can usually be replaced by the word "when" without changing the meaning.

Examples :

If clause                                                               Main Clause

If + simple present                                              simple present

1.       If this thing happens                                     that thing happens.

2.       If you heat ice                                               it melts.

3.       If it rains                                                       the grass gets wet.

4.       If we burn paper                                            it becomes ash.

5.       If babies are hungry                                      they cry

2.       TYPE 1 CONDITIONAL

The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real. The type 1 conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. In these sentences the if clause is in the simple present, and the main clause is in the simple future.

Examples :

If clause                                                               Main Clause

If + simple present                                              simple future

1.       If this thing happens                                     that thing will happen.

2.       If you don't hurry                                         you will miss the train.

3.       If it rains today                                             you will get wet.

4.       If I meet him                                                 I will introduce myself.

5.       If you don't hurry                                         you will miss the bus.

3.       TYPE 2 CONDITIONAL

The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the simple past, and the main clause uses the present conditional.

Examples :

If clause                                                               Main clause

If + simple past                                                   present conditional or present continuous conditional

1.       If this thing happened                                   that thing would happen 

2.       If you went to bed earlier                              you would not be so tired.

3.        it rained                                                        you would get wet.

4.       If I spoke Italian                                            I would be working in Italy.

5.       If it rained tomorrow                                     I would sleep all day.

4.       TYPE 3 CONDITIONAL

The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the perfect conditional.

Examples :

If clause                                                               Main clause

If + past perfect                                                   perfect conditional or perfect continuous conditional

1.       If this thing had happened                            that thing would have happened. 

2.       If you had studied harder                              you would have passed the exam

Refrensi

http://gatotbukankaca.weebly.com/bahasa-inggris-2--d.html

http://www.edufind.com/english-grammar/type-1-conditional/

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/zero-conditional.html

http://www.edufind.com/english-grammar/conditional/