1. Degrees of Comparison
The Degrees of Comparison in English
grammar are made with the Adjective and Adverb words to show how big or small,
high or low, more or less, many or few, etc., of the qualities, numbers and
positions of the nouns (persons, things and places) in comparison to the others
mentioned in the other part of a sentence or expression.
An
Adjective is a word which qualifies (shows how big, small, great, many, few,
etc.) a noun or a pronoun is in a sentence. An adjective can be attributive
(comes before a noun) or predicative (comes in the predicate part):
e.g. He is a tall man. (‘tall’ — adjective –
attributive)
This man is tall. (‘tall’
— adjective – predicative)
An
Adverb is a word which adds to the meaning of the main verb (how it is done,
when it is done, etc.) of a sentence or expression.
It normally ends with ‘ly’, but
there are some adverbs that are without ‘ly’:
e.g. She ate her lunch quickly. He speaks
clearly. They type fast.
Kinds of comparison:
1.
POSITIVE DEGREE:
e.g. Tom is tall a boy.
In
this sentence the word ‘tall’ is an adjective telling us how Tom is. There
is no other person or thing in this sentence used to compare Tom with, but it
is the general way of saying about persons, animals and things that they have
some quality (here ‘tallness’) above average in general sense. The adjective
word ‘tall’ is said to be in the “positive form”.
This
comparison is called “positive degree” comparison. There are two more
comparisons with the ‘positive form’ of the adjective words. They are:
1.
Degree of Equality: This comparison
is used to compare two persons, animals or things to tell us that they are
equal – having the same quality.
e.g. There are two cats with the same height and weight,
and look the same except for the colour.
Therefore
we say:
e.g. The brown cat is as beautiful as the grey cat. (=
Both the cats are the same.)
The
word “beautiful” is an adjective in the ‘positive form’, and with the
conjunction as…as it expresses the ‘degree of equality’.
2.
Degree of Inequality: This
comparison is used to compare two persons, animals or things to tell us that
they are not equal – not having the same quality.
e.g. The brown cat is not so beautiful as the black & white
cat. (= They are not the same.)
The
word “beautiful” is an adjective in the ‘positive form’, and with the
conjunction so…as (and the negative ‘not’) it expresses the ‘degree of
inequality’
Example of Positive Degree :
1.
The task is not as difficult as you
imagine.
2.
He drives as carefully as my father
in the residential area.
3.
Tom is tall a boy
4.
It is a tall building.
5.
Apple is sweet to taste.
2. COMPARATIVE DEGREE:
e.g. Tom is a tall boy. Tom is taller than his
sister.
In
the second sentence the word ‘taller’ is an adjective used to compare the
‘tallness’ of these two persons – Tom and his sister – and to tell us that Tom
has more of the quality of ‘tallness’.
Therefore,
an adjective word which shows the difference of quality between twotwo groups
of persons, animals or things is said to be in the ‘comparative form’. persons,
animals or things, or. This comparison is called “Comparative Degree”.
There
are two more degrees of comparison with the ‘comparative form’ of an adjective.
They are:
1.
Parallel Degree: This
comparison is used to show that the qualities of two items (adjectives or
adverbs) talked about in the given sentence go parallel, i.e. if one quality
(adjective or adverb) increases, the other quality (adjective or adverb)
increases, and if one quality decreases, the other quality also decreases.
e.g. The bigger the box, the heavier it is.
2.
Progressive Degree: This comparison
is used to show that the quality of a thing (adjective or adverb) talked about
in the given sentence increases as the time passes, for example:
MON
TUE
WED
THU
FRI SAT
SUN
25°
→ 27° → 30° →
33° → 35° →
38° → 40°
It’s
getting hotter and hotter day by day. [as the time passes the temperature
increases] OR The days are getting hotter and hotter.
Example of Comparative Degree:
1.
Tom is a tall boy. Tom is taller
than his sister
2.
Your heart is colder than ice.
3.
I ran faster than you did.
4.
This building is taller than any
other building.
5.
Apple is sweeter than pear.
3. SUPERLATIVE DEGREE:
e.g. A musk ox is a large animal. An elephant is larger
than a musk ox. The blue whale is the largest of all animals. The blue whale is
the largest of all animals in the world.
In
this sentence the word (the) ‘largest’ is an adjective used to compare the
“largeness” of the blue whale and to tell us that the blue whale has the most
quality of ‘largeness’.
This
comparison is used to compare one person, animal or thing with more than two
persons, animals or things (the rest of the group of more than two), and to say
that the particular one has the highest degree of that particular quality
(here the comparison is between the blue whale and the rest of the animals,
more than two). The adjective ‘large’ is said to be in the ‘superlative form’.
This comparison is called “Superlative Degree”.
Example of Superlative Degree:
1.
The blue whale is the largest of all
animals in the world.
2.
Your heart is the coldest of all.
3.
I run the fastest in my class.
4.
This is the tallest building.
5.
Apple is the sweetest fruit.
2. Question Words
There
are a number of words in the English language that are used primarily to make
questions; these words are ‘question words’, sometimes known as ‘WH question
words’, owing to the fact that all of them start with the letter ‘w’, except
one which starts with ‘h’.
1.
What
‘What’ is used when asking for
information about something, as in example:
1. What did you do last evening?
2. What would you like for dinner?
3. What did you say when you were caught?
4. What is your age and name?
2.
When
‘When’ is used when asking for time,
as in example:
1. When do you arrive?
2. When is the show?
3. When did that happen?
4. When did you leave the office yesterday?
3.
Where
‘Where’ is used when asking for
place, as in example:
1. Where do we go now?
2. Where have you kept the book?
3. Where do you go for your tuitions?
4. Where do they live?
4.
Who
‘Who’ is used when asking for
identity of person or persons (subject), as in example:
1. Who is that?
2. Who wrote Moby Dick?
3. Who called earlier?
4. Who opened the door?
5.
Whom
‘Whom’ is used when asking what or
which person or people (object), as in example:
Whom
did you see?
6.
Whose
‘Whose’ is used when asking about
possession, as in example:
1. Whose car is this?
2. Whose place are you staying at?
3. Whose are these shoes?
4. Whose are these bag?
7.
Which
‘Which’ is used to ask about choice,
as in example:
1. Which flavour of ice cream would you like?
2. Which route do you think we should take?
3. Which of the two is better?
4. Which colour do you want?
8.
Why
‘Why’ is used when asking for
reasons, as in example:
1. Why would you say something like that?
2. Why does the food smell bad?
3. Why did you not go for work today?
4. Why do you say that?
9.
How
‘How’ is used when asking about
manner or quality or condition, as in example:
1. How did you do that?
2. How was the movie?
3. How is life?
4. How does this work?
3. 5W+1H in English Newspaper
Forest Fires Could Not Fully contained Sindoro
Metrotvnews.com, Temanggung: Protected forest area on the slopes of Mount Sindoro, Temanggung regency, Central Java, on Sunday yesterday, burning. Until Monday (24/9) this fire is still raging.
Perum Perhutani officers and local residents are working to extinguish the fire since Sunday evening to burn the protected forest area on the slopes of Mount Sindoro it. According to Junaidi June, Assistant Section Perhutani Unit Stakeholder Forest (BKPH) Temanggung, at least 23 personnel of the four resort Forest Management (RPH) downgraded to extinguish the fire.
Fire engulfed the protected forest plots 10 and 11 slopes Sindoro. In addition to joint personnel from the abattoir sandwiched between, Kemloko, Jumprit, and Kwadungan, there are Police Car of Unity Stakeholder Forest (KPH) North Kedu community Giripurno and Katekan in District Ngadirejo.
"From 07.00 am had gone up to the scene of the fire," he said.
Protected forest fire that burned plots 10 and 11 RPH Kwadungan starting to look at around 18:30 pm. Hotspots are from plots 10 and then spread to the swath 11.
By June, the new officers can begin to extinguish the fire on Monday morning due to rough terrain.
"We can not know the extent of the fire," he said.
June suspect the fire was a continuation of last week's fires.
"There might stump, especially in the area of the gorge is still smoldering and then blown off and cause a fire again," said June. (Ant / DSY)
Ø Principles of news (5w + 1h)
1. (what)
What happened?
= Wildfires Sindoro hard at extinguish.
2. (where)
Where the events occur?
= Temanggung regency, Central Java
3. (when)
When did the incident occur?
= Monday (24/9)
4. (WHO)
Anyone who is involved in such events?
= Citizens Temanggung regency, Central Java. As well Junaidi, Assistant Section Perhutani Unit Stakeholder Forest (BKPH) Temanggung.
5. (why)
Why did these events occur?
= Suspected the fire was a continuation of last week's fires. and the possibility exists stump, especially in the area of the gorge is still smoldering and then blown off and cause a fire again.
6. (how)
How did these events occur?
= The fire that burns the protected forest plots 10 and 11 RPH Kwadungan starting to look at around 18:30 pm. Hotspots are from plots 10 and then spread to the swath 11.
Metrotvnews.com, Temanggung: Protected forest area on the slopes of Mount Sindoro, Temanggung regency, Central Java, on Sunday yesterday, burning. Until Monday (24/9) this fire is still raging.
Perum Perhutani officers and local residents are working to extinguish the fire since Sunday evening to burn the protected forest area on the slopes of Mount Sindoro it. According to Junaidi June, Assistant Section Perhutani Unit Stakeholder Forest (BKPH) Temanggung, at least 23 personnel of the four resort Forest Management (RPH) downgraded to extinguish the fire.
Fire engulfed the protected forest plots 10 and 11 slopes Sindoro. In addition to joint personnel from the abattoir sandwiched between, Kemloko, Jumprit, and Kwadungan, there are Police Car of Unity Stakeholder Forest (KPH) North Kedu community Giripurno and Katekan in District Ngadirejo.
"From 07.00 am had gone up to the scene of the fire," he said.
Protected forest fire that burned plots 10 and 11 RPH Kwadungan starting to look at around 18:30 pm. Hotspots are from plots 10 and then spread to the swath 11.
By June, the new officers can begin to extinguish the fire on Monday morning due to rough terrain.
"We can not know the extent of the fire," he said.
June suspect the fire was a continuation of last week's fires.
"There might stump, especially in the area of the gorge is still smoldering and then blown off and cause a fire again," said June. (Ant / DSY)
Ø Principles of news (5w + 1h)
1. (what)
What happened?
= Wildfires Sindoro hard at extinguish.
2. (where)
Where the events occur?
= Temanggung regency, Central Java
3. (when)
When did the incident occur?
= Monday (24/9)
4. (WHO)
Anyone who is involved in such events?
= Citizens Temanggung regency, Central Java. As well Junaidi, Assistant Section Perhutani Unit Stakeholder Forest (BKPH) Temanggung.
5. (why)
Why did these events occur?
= Suspected the fire was a continuation of last week's fires. and the possibility exists stump, especially in the area of the gorge is still smoldering and then blown off and cause a fire again.
6. (how)
How did these events occur?
= The fire that burns the protected forest plots 10 and 11 RPH Kwadungan starting to look at around 18:30 pm. Hotspots are from plots 10 and then spread to the swath 11.
Reference :
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