1.
Active Sentence
In active sentences, the thing doing
the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is
the object. Most sentences are active.
[Thing doing action] + [verb] +
[thing receiving action]
Examples:
1.
Once a week, Tom cleans the house.
2.
Right now, Sarah is writing the letter.
3.
Sam repaired the car.
4.
The salesman was helping the customer when the
thief came into the store.
5.
Many tourists have visited that castle.
2.
Passive
Sentence
In
passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the
sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of
the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving
the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the
passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want
to mention who is doing the action.
[Thing
receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing
action]
Examples:
1.
Once a week, the
house is cleaned by
Tom.
2.
Right now, the
letter is being written by Sarah.
3.
The car was repaired by Sam.
4.
The customer was being helped by the salesman when
the thief came into the store.
5.
That castle has been visited by many tourists.
B. RELATIVE CLAUSES / ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
An adjective clause is used to
describe a noun. A relative pronoun is usually used to introduce an adjective
clause. An adjective clause—also called an adjectival or relative clause will
meet three requirements:
1.
First, it will contain a subject and
verb.
2.
Next, it will begin with a relative
pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or a relative adverb [when, where,
or why].
3.
Finally, it will function as an
adjective, answering the questions What kind? How many? or Which one?
The adjective clause will follow one
of these two patterns:
1.
Relative Pronoun or Adverb + Subject
+ Verb
2.
Relative Pronoun as Subject + Verb
Here are some examples:
1.
Whose big, brown eyes pleaded for
another cookie ( Relative clauses )
Whose = relative pronoun; eyes =
subject; pleaded = verb.
2.
Why Fred cannot stand sitting
across from his sister Melanie ( Relative clauses )
Why = relative adverb; Fred =
subject; can stand = verb [not, an adverb, is not officially part of the verb].
3.
That bounced across the kitchen floor ( Relative
clauses )
That = relative pronoun functioning
as subject; bounced = verb.
4.
Who hiccupped for seven hours afterward (
Relative clauses )
Who = relative pronoun functioning
as subject; hiccupped = verb.
C. CONDITIONAL
SENTENCE
Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could
happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen. In English,
most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many conditional
forms in English are used in sentences that include verbs in one of the past
tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal past" because we use
a past tense but we are not actually referring to something that happened in
the past. There are five main ways of constructing conditional sentences in
English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of an if clause and a main
clause. In many negative conditional sentences, there is an equivalent sentence
construction using "unless" instead of "if".
Type of Conditional Sentences :
1. THE ZERO
CONDITIONAL
The zero conditional is used for when the time being
referred to is now or always and the situation is real and possible. The zero
conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The tense in both parts
of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the word
"if" can usually be replaced by the word "when" without
changing the meaning.
Examples :
If
clause
Main Clause
If + simple present
simple present
1. If this thing
happens
that thing happens.
2. If you heat ice
it melts.
3. If it
rains
the grass gets wet.
4. If we burn paper
it
becomes ash.
5. If babies are
hungry
they cry
2. TYPE 1
CONDITIONAL
The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or
future where the situation is real. The type 1 conditional refers to a possible
condition and its probable result. In these sentences the if clause is in the
simple present, and the main clause is in the simple future.
Examples :
If
clause
Main Clause
If + simple present
simple future
1. If this thing
happens
that thing will happen.
2. If you don't
hurry
you will
miss the train.
3. If it rains
today
you will get wet.
4. If I meet him
I will introduce myself.
5. If you don't
hurry
you will
miss the bus.
3. TYPE 2
CONDITIONAL
The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is
now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences are not based
on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical condition
and its probable result. In type 2 conditional sentences, the if clause uses
the simple past, and the main clause uses the present conditional.
Examples :
If
clause
Main clause
If + simple past
present conditional or
present continuous conditional
1. If this thing
happened
that thing would happen
2. If you went to
bed earlier
you would not be so tired.
3. it rained
you would get wet.
4. If I spoke
Italian
I would be working in Italy.
5. If it rained
tomorrow
I would sleep all day.
4. TYPE 3
CONDITIONAL
The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in
the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The facts they are based
on are the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is used to
refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result. In type 3
conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause
uses the perfect conditional.
Examples :
If
clause
Main clause
If + past
perfect
perfect
conditional or perfect continuous conditional
1. If this thing
had happened
that thing would have happened.
2. If you had
studied harder
you
would have passed the exam
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